In this paper I defend the claim that the act of writing a work of fiction consists in the performance of a sui generis speech act, and propose a dynamic treatment for acts of fiction-making. Recently, speech act theories of fiction have become targets of the uniformity argument. According to it, in order to account for the myriad of speech acts present in works of fiction, speech act theories of fiction need to propose a similar amount of fiction-related illocutionary forces. (...) When uttered in the same context, these illocutionary forces give rise to the same relations raised by their non-fictional counterparts. While not a knock-down argument, this warrants an explanation. In order to defend speech act theories of fiction, I argue that the claim that speech act theories of fiction need more than one fiction-related sui generis illocutionary force is misguided and rests on an erroneous account of the content of an act of fiction-making. I take that the content of an act of fiction-making is more akin to a speech report than to a regular assertion. Following, I propose a dynamic treatment to the speech act of fiction-making. Concluding, I explore some related topics in order to distinguish my proposal from pretenseapproaches to fictional discourse. (shrink)

Background: Compassion-based practices in midwifery are the most important expression of the depth of care quality. This concept is insufficiently represented in literature, therefore, studies on this subject are of utmost importance. Objectives: This study aims to determine the levels of compassion of midwives working in the delivery room and the factors affecting these levels. The study was carried out in Kocaeli, Turkey. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out from 1 February to 15 April 2019 in delivery rooms of (...) six different hospitals located in the provincial centre of Kocaeli, Turkey, with 78 actively working midwives. Data were collected using a ‘Compassion Scale’ and analysed using the Mann–Whitney U test, the Kruskal–Wallis H test and the Spearman correlation test. Ethical considerations: This study was conducted according to ethical scientific guidelines. Results: The compassion score of the midwives were found to be 4.19 ± 0.39. The total compassion score was affected by professional factors such as number of patients, alternating shift work, number of traumatic births and work satisfaction. While the kindness subscores decreased depending on shift work and number of traumatic births, it was determined that the midwives who were satisfied with their work had higher kindness scores than those who were not. Also, as the age and professional experience of the midwives and the number of traumatic births increased, their indifference score also increased. Midwives who reported that they were not satisfied with their job had higher scores regarding separation and disengagement scores than those who were satisfied with their job. Conclusion: It was determined that the compassion levels of midwives were found to be negatively affected by factors such as age, professional experience, job satisfaction and number of monthly traumatic births in a month. They should be reminded that compassionate midwifery care for women is a basic human right. (shrink)

It is important to define and practice ethical rules and codes for professionalisation. Several national and international associations have determined midwifery ethical codes. In Turkey, ethical rules and codes that would facilitate midwifery becoming professionalised have not yet been determined. This study was planned to contribute to the professionalisation of midwifery by determining national ethical values and codes. A total of 1067 Turkish midwives completed the survey. The most prevalent values of Turkish midwives were care for mother–child health, responsibility and (...) professional adequacy. The preferred professional codes chosen by Turkish midwives were absence of conflicts of interest, respect for privacy, avoidance of deception, reporting of faulty practices, consideration of mothers and newborns as separate beings and prevention of harm. In conclusion, cultural values, beliefs and expectations of society cannot be underestimated, although the international professional values and codes of ethics contribute significantly to professionalisation of the midwifery profession. (shrink)

Multisensory integration can alter information processing, and previous research has shown that such processes are modulated by sensory switch costs and prior experience. Here we report an incidental finding demonstrating, for the first time, the interplay between these processes and experimental factors, specifically the presence of the experimenter in the testing room. Experiment 1 demonstrates that multisensory motor facilitation in response to audiovisual stimuli is higher in those trials in which the sensory modality switches than when it repeats. Those participants (...) who completed the study while alone exhibited increased RT variability. Experiment 2 replicated these findings using the letters “b” and “d” presented as unisensory stimuli or congruent and incongruent multisensory stimuli. Multisensory enhancements were inflated following a sensory switch; that is, congruent and incongruent multisensory stimuli resulted in significant gains following a sensory switch in the monitored condition. However, when the participants were left alone, multisensory enhancements were only observed for repeating incongruent multisensory stimuli. These incidental findings therefore suggest that the effects of letter congruence and sensory switching on multisensory integration are partly modulated by the presence of an experimenter. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo examinar a alienação que envolve a atividade do professor coordenador, relacionando esse profissional às expectativas do ideário neoliberal, reproduzido pela escola burguesa e comparar as atribuições destinadas a esse profissional com o seu fazer efetivo. O universo da pesquisa engloba a escola pública do Estado de São Paulo e a atividade do professor coordenador, especialmente as de Ciclo II. O referencial usado é o materialismo histórico dialético, e a categoria de análise é a teoria (...) da alienação, formulada por Marx e estudada por Mészáros. (shrink)

We report the results of an experiment designed to determine the effects of psychological proximity—proxied by awareness of pain and friendship—on moral reasoning. Our study tests the hypotheses that a moral agent’s emphasis on justice decreases with proximity, while his/her emphasis on care increases. Our study further examines how personality, gender, and managerial status affect the importance of care and justice in moral reasoning. We find support for the main hypotheses. We also find that care should be split into two (...) components, one related to protection and the other to the preservation of relationships. Although gender does not affect moral reasoning directly, we find that it does so indirectly via personality, controlling for age, professional status, and professional background. We do not find a significant effect of managerial status on ethics of justice, but do find that holding a managerial position has a negative impact on ethics of care. Regarding personality, we detect significant positive effects of conscientiousness on ethics of justice and of neuroticism on ethics of care. (shrink)

Affective computing adopts a computational approach to study affect. We highlight the AC approach towards automated affect measures that jointly model machine-readable physiological/behavioral signals with affect estimates as reported by humans or experimentally elicited. We describe the conceptual and computational foundations of the approach followed by two case studies: one on discrimination between genuine and faked expressions of pain in the lab, and the second on measuring nonbasic affect in the wild. We discuss applications of the measures, analyze measurement accuracy (...) and generalizability, and highlight advances afforded by computational tipping points, such as big data, wearable sensing, crowdsourcing, and deep learning. We conclude by advocating for increasing synergies between AC and affective science and offer suggestions toward that direction. (shrink)

We propose six guideposts that states and hospitals should follow to respect disability rights when designing policies for the allocation of scarce, lifesaving medical treatments. Four relate to criteria for decisions. First, do not use categorical exclusions, especially ones based on disability or diagnosis. Second, do not use perceived quality of life. Third, use hospital survival and near-term prognosis (e.g., death expected within a few years despite treatment) but not long-term life expectancy. Fourth, when patients who use ventilators in their (...) daily lives (e.g., home ventilation) present to acute care hospitals, their personal ventilators should not be reallocated to other patients. Fifth, designate triage officers to assess patients individually on the basis of objective medical evidence, not stereotypes or assumptions. Sixth, include disability rights advocates in policy development and dissemination. (shrink)

Le MST a connu de grands succès dans les années 1980 – 450 000 familles dans assentamentos (propriétaires) ou acampamentos (occupants) – et a servi d’exemple à de nombreuses mobilisations et occupations de terres dans le monde. Pendant l’ère Bolsonaro, le mouvement a connu diverses adaptations. Il a adopté le récit de l’entrepreneur agricole, influencé en cela par les évangélistes – de la « théologie de la libération » communautaire à la théologie individualiste de la réussite. Il a, par obligation (...) et répression, délaissé l’action d’occupation des terres pour le développement de l’agriculture biologique et la production d’aliments « sains », largement à destination des villes. Ainsi, il resserre les liens entre le rural et l’urbain et se rapproche stratégiquement du Mouvement des Sans Toit. (shrink)

This study focuses on the spatialization and institutionalization of social networks of Russian women who migrated to Turkey via marriage in the last 30 years. Specifically, it investigates how and why their social networks have been changing at the local and transnational levels. We conducted in-depth interviews with 56 women between 2014−2021. Our extensive analysis indicates that despite their newly established status via marriages, the Russian women have weak ties with the locals regardless of the migration period, preferring mostly to (...) engage with other Russian women in Turkey. Even if the different migrant associations established by Russian migrants in Turkey do not actually aim this, they create an effect that increases the social distance with the host society and serves to strengthen the connection between the migrants. Also, unlike pioneer migrants, newer marriage migrants have established strong transnational ties with others living overseas, regardless of their gender or ethnic identity. Further, this study reveals that the migrant women's subjectivity, their spouses’ benefit-oriented negotiation styles, and the state's diaspora policy all shape the women's social networks at different levels. (shrink)

The status of marijuana as an illegal drug has greatly evolved in recent years. Many countries have decriminalized possession of marijuana for personal use. Others have not decriminalized it but simply “tolerate” it for private personal use. Four countries have passed laws legalizing medical marijuana and one other tolerates the use of marijuana for medical purposes without having legislated a specific right for such possession and use. To date, 17 of the United States and the District of Columbia have also (...) passed laws regarding medical marijuana. However, state medical marijuana laws are at odds with the federal Controlled Substances Act, which prohibits possession of marijuana. This fact, in tandem with employer requirements under the Drug-Free Workplace Act, has created a dilemma for employers who have employees with medical conditions for which medical marijuana has been recommended. Given that 18 additional states currently have medical marijuana legislation pending, medical marijuana in the workplace is an issue which is not going to go away. As a result, it is time to examine the interface between federal and state laws as well as the public policy issues surrounding the lack of rights which medical marijuana patients have in their workplaces. (shrink)

In the so-called digital culture, there is a constant presence of radical transformations on the cognitive and affective dimensions of the relations established among teachers and students. Upon this ubiquitous accessibility of information, the very historical and hierarchically verticalized relation between teachers and students has been increasingly questioned. Upon this situation, the authors in this article aim at stating that the revitalization of concepts developed by Paulo Freire, mainly the ones discussed in the books: ‘Pedagogy of Hope’, that sought a (...) re-encounter with ‘Pedagogy of the Oppressed’, ‘Extension or Communication’ and ‘Pedagogy of Freedom’ became essential to understanding how the relationship between teachers and students can be mutually re-signified. In these times of digital culture, we argue that the revitalization of the critical thinking proposed by Freire is able to foment a dialogical communication both in the pedagogical link shared by teachers and students and in the transformation of information into substantially and ethically experienced concepts. Such substantial and ethical experiences are the ones able to attest that the pedagogy of hope and the pedagogy of freedom are possible, provided they are constituted with the students and not for them. (shrink)

Este trabalho analisa os potenciais impactos do chamado Novo Ensino Médio na formação do estudante, especialmente na preparação para o exercício de uma cidadania ativa. Instituída com a Lei 13.415, de 16 de fevereiro de 2017, a reforma do ensino médio pretende três alterações fundamentais: a primeira, promover o aumento progressivo da carga horária mínima até atingir o período integral. A segunda mudança, criar os “intinerários formativos”, com novas disciplinas, reduzindo relativamente a carga de conteúdos obrigatórios, e permitir ao estudante (...) orientar sua trajetória escolar para os seus interesses, inclinações e necessidades pessoais. A terceira, incentivar e ampliar a oferta do ensino técnico. Nossa avaliação sobre a reforma está ancorada no entendimento de Habermas de que a participação qualificada no debate público requer dos indivíduos o desenvolvimento e o uso de competências expressivas reconhecidas (legitimadas) pela comunidade interpretativa. A educação formal, nesta perspectiva, ao difundir as bases para definição racional dos argumentos e dos meios legítimos para expressão da vontade, visa capacitar e qualificar a participação dos indivíduos no debate público. As conclusões parciais resultantes desta abordagem estão baseadas em estudo empírico realizado na Escola Estadual Reverendo Hugh Clarence Tucker, no Rio de Janeiro. Elas indicam que, embora recentes e incompletas, as mudanças no ensino médio têm potencial para agravar as diferenças sociais entre estudantes pobres e ricos uma vez que as escolas particulares das elites são mais bem preparadas para este ambiente. Além disso, elas têm profissionais mais bem remunerados e cobrados em resultados mensuráveis pela administração escolar e pelas famílias. (shrink)

A linguagem é mais que a palavra escrita ou falada, é a direção do pensamento no contato com o contexto histórico-social no qual se está inserido. O discurso se apresenta enquanto mediação entre pessoas e realidades. A AD se apresenta como um constructo teórico-metodológico que possibilita averiguar construções ideológicas e efeitos de sentido do discurso em diferentes contextos, propiciando um olhar ampliado sobre a realidade. Objetiva-se inter-relacionar aspectos epistemológicos de Foucault e Heidegger, que possam servir como aportes ao método Análise (...) do Discurso, e refletir sobre uma estrutura que possa ser aplicada nas pesquisas da área de CI. Para tanto, propõe-se o uso da Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL) enquanto técnica, a fim de subsidiar uma apresentação mais concreta referente a aplicação da AD no campo da CI. Metodologicamente trata-se de um estudo exploratório traçado na inter-relação entre questões da Filosofia da Linguagem e aspectos metodológicos e epistemológicos da Ciência da Informação e para tanto, buscou-se a revisão da literatura de ambos os domínios. Ainda há uma certa relutância do uso da AD na CI por sua forma mais teórica, ou seja, sem um procedimento preestabelecido, como se verifica em outros métodos, tais como a Análise do Conteúdo que possibilita a análise categorial, a análise de avaliação, a análise de enunciação, a análise proposicional, entre outras. O objetivo da AD não é estabelecer se um discurso é verdadeiro ou falso, mas sim os efeitos de sentidos e as questões subliminares. Portanto, no discurso construído com bases em preconceitos, por exemplo, serão reveladas as fragilidades inerentes àquela construção. Por outro lado, em um texto reflexivo, a tendência é que por meio da aplicação da AD, sejam reveladas toda solidez das ideias e estruturas. Assim, verifica-se a grande contribuição que AD pode aferir à CI e como Foucault e Heidegger podem ser imprescindíveis para compor o arcabouço teórico da AD, dependendo dos objetivos da pesquisa. (shrink)

De um lado a Ciência da Informação foi se consolidando no eixo occidental, a partir década de 1960, expandindo sua influência inteletual em países da America Latina, substuindo uma tradição francesa-europeia de Documentação, e como meio de controle ideológico e da informação; do outro surge uma proposta reativa do eixo comunista, a Informatika. Posto isto, pretende-se neste ensaio criar lugar pra reflexão acerca de alguns pontos em que a Informatika influenciou a Ciência da Informação ocidental, mais precisamente a estadunidense, sobretudo (...) nas primeiras décadas da Guerra Fria, como também o inverso, ou seja, as influências da CI dos Estados Unidos à Informatika. Para tanto, iniciaremos nossas reflexões a partir de duas escolas: a da Teoria Matemática da Comunicação e da Epistemologia Social. Posto isto, o problema de pesquisa incide na seguinte questão: Apesar dos aspectos mercadológicos e ideológicos tão distintos dos blocos capitalista e socialista, é possível verificarmos algumas convergências teóricas na construção da Ciência da Informação e da Informatika? Metodologicamente, trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, com aspectos exploratórios. Conclui-se que apesar da União Soviética apresentar distintamente a informação social e tê-la como algo importante ante a ideologia do partido socialista, foi visto que a informação científica e técnica também foi muito aprimorada e valorizada pelos soviéticos. Assim como os Estados Unidos não priorizaram sempre o aspecto técnico da informação. As duas vertentes – social e técnica - caminharam juntas, ora predominando mais uma, ora outra, nos dois blocos, dependendo do momento e dos objetivos. (shrink)

Adolescent gender-based violence prevention and sexuality education is a topic of current concern given the increasing numbers of violence directed at girls. International organizations indicate that one in three girls aged 15 to 19 have experienced gender-based violence in their sexual relationships that this risk may be as much as 3–4 times higher for girls with disabilities. Following the good results obtained in the research project “Free_Teen_Desire” led by the University of Cambridge and funded by the Marie Curie Actions Program (...) in the prevention of gender violence in adolescents through Dialogic Feminist Gatherings, the aim of study is to analyze Its transfer and impact on adolescent girls with intellectual disabilities. The DFGs are here understood as generators of a more dialogic environment for girls in general and we wonder if and how It is extended to the context of girls with disabilities. Thus, the research takes the form of a case study with a communicative approach on a DFGs. The intervention is carried out in a special school located in Valencia during the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 academic years with a group of 19 non-mixed female students, female teachers, and the mother of one of the students. The study analyzes which are the transfer criteria to incorporate the DFGs in a special education context and what is their impact on the prevention of gender violence in girls with disabilities. The data collection techniques consist of two in-depth interviews, analysis of the field diary of 24 intervention sessions and a focus group with seven teachers. It is demonstrated that DFGs are successfully transferred to the special education context of the case study. The results show how contexts of safety, solidarity and friendship are generated which protect adolescent girls with disabilities from relationships with gender violence. (shrink)

A partir do conceito de verdade no decurso da Teoria do Conhecimento, do contexto da pós-verdade e das reflexões de Piaget sobre o desenvolvimento cognitivo, objetiva-se criar um espaço pra reflexão de como os criterios sobre verdade foram construídos históricamente, e inter-relacioná-los com elementos da pós-verdade e da desinformação. Metodologicamente, trata-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica. O caráter exploratório se dá justamente com o paralelo entre a temática e as fases do desenvolvimento cognitivo em Piaget. Por meio de uma reflexão histórico- epistemológica (...) do conceito de verdade, percebeu-se que é problemático se pensar em critérios absolutos de verdade. Porém, há informações que estão mais próximas destes critérios do que outras. Isso depende da fonte, do propósito, conhecimento e principalmente da ética de quem escreve. Ademais, percebeu-se que adultos que não tiveram acesso ao processo de educação adequado tendem a acreditar mais em fake news. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a Sociologia do Direito de Jürgen Habermas, mostrando a centralidade do direito na sua teoria da ordem social. Como sociólogo formado na tradição alemã de grandes sínteses filosóficas, Habermas, em seu livro " Direito e Democracia – Entre facticidade e validade ", que nos guiará neste artigo, descreve o objetivo ambicioso de produzir uma teoria geral da ação social à maneira de Parsons. Em sua explicação sobre a natureza das sociedades, o direito positivo é (...) entendido como uma linguagem estabilizadora das interações sociais tendo o importante papel de estruturar a ordem social. Celebrado entre os juristas, o entendimento completo das proposições de Habermas requer conhecimento amplo e crítico das teorias sociológicas sobre a natureza da ordem social. Muitas vezes secundarizado por sociólogos, especialmente os tradicionalistas e conservadores, o autor promove um entendimento das normas legais como um processo dialógico e multideterminado, que não é apenas um reflexo das relações sociais, mas que também estabelece parâmetros para a composição de conflitos inerentes às interações sociais. (shrink)

Este trabalho pretende confrontar as concepções teóricas das análises sociológicas tradicionais sobre a “ordem social”, as quais chamaremos de “sensualistas” - por pressuporem uma ordem social naturalizada, com as teorias cognitivistas que veem a “ordem social” como construção teórico-intelectiva dos indivíduos. Nossa expectativa é que essa discussão nos auxilie a entender o contexto atual da emergência de movimentos políticos radicalizados, não importa por qual matiz ideológico, e o risco real e a ameaça potencial que eles representam para a estabilidade dos (...) consensos tácitos assumidos pelos agentes na ordem social, tais como as noções de justo e injusto, certo e errado, bem e mal. Esperamos que a discussão sobre os fundamentos da ordem social, na forma colocada pelos cientistas sociais, se apodícticos e factuais ou cognitivos e racionais, ajude-nos a esclarecer até que ponto o radicalismo político, e os radicalismos de maneira geral, seja religioso, moral, bem como as ameaças de diáspora que os acompanham, têm o potencial de impor revezes ao que alguns analistas costumam chamar de “marcos civilizatórios”. Até que ponto, o extremismo político tem condições de impor perturbações de natureza moral aos pactos sociais ameaçando-os real e massivamente. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta e aprofunda a importância do Diário de Bordo, na Academia, como ensaio estético autoral, possibilitando ao estudante fortalecer-se em seu espaço epistêmico, de enunciação e criação, através de registros provisórios de seu processo cognitivo relacional – suas interrogações, sínteses, suas questões, seus autores de referência, seu diálogo interdisciplinar.

The author critiques the expedient application of market valuation principles by the transnational corporations and other large firms in the Indian pharmaceutical industry on a number of issues like patents, pricing, irrational drugs, clinical trials, etc. He contends that ethics in business is chiseled and etched within the confines of particular social structures of accumulation. An ascendant neo-liberal social structure of accumulation has basically shaped these firms' sharp opposition to the Indian Patents Act, 1970, government administered pricing, etc. The author (...) contends that the practice of neo-liberal economics is strongly associated with a "one dimensional" ethics that privileges market valuation principles over all others. This seems to inevitably generate a social counter-movement that struggles for social protections. He critiques neo-liberal business practices from a perspective that derives from the work of the economic anthropologist Karl Polanyi. Before the present phase of liberalization in India, markets were "managed", but without a "welfare state" in place. Moving toward deregulation of the markets without a welfare state in place is unethical. Keeping the debilities of the institutional framework of public policy in mind, the author adopts a Polanyian perspective that places its trust and hope in the growing social legitimacy of the counter-movement in opposition to both neo-liberal business practices and the degenerate behavior of state agencies. (shrink)

The use of brain imaging technology as a common tool of research has spawned concern and debate over how investigators should respond to incidental fndings discovered in the course of research. In this article, we argue that investigators have an obligation to respond to incidental fndings in view of their entering into a professional relationship with research participants in which they are granted privileged access to private information with potential relevance to participants' health. We discuss the scope and limits of (...) this professional obligation to respond to incidental fndings, bearing in mind that the relationship between investigators and research participants differs fundamentally from the doctor-patient relationship. (shrink)